"There is much more to being a patriot and a citizen than reciting the pledge or raising a flag
"
(CNN)The
nuclear crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in Japan was a
"man-made disaster" that unfolded as a result of collusion between the
facility's operator, regulators and the government, an independent
panel said in an unusually frank report Thursday.
The report by the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission outlines errors and willful negligence
at the plant before the earthquake and tsunami that devastated swaths
of northeastern Japan on March 11 last year, and a flawed response in
the hours, days and weeks that followed. It also offers recommendations
and encourages the nation's parliament to "thoroughly debate and
deliberate" the suggestions.
The crippled Fukushima Daiichi plant spewed radiation
and displaced tens of thousands of residents from the surrounding area
in the worst nuclear accident since the 1986 Chernobyl disaster in
Ukraine.
Commissioned by the
national parliament, the panel's report tellingly blames Japanese
culture for the fundamental causes of the disaster.
As well as detailing the
specific failings related to the accident, the report describes a Japan
in which nuclear power became "an unstoppable force, immune to
scrutiny by civil society."
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"Its regulation was entrusted to the same government bureaucracy responsible for its promotion," the commission said.
Contradicting claims by
Tokyo Electric Power Co., or TEPCO, the operator of the plant, the
report said that "the direct causes of the accident were all foreseeable
prior to March 11, 2011."
The operator, regulators
and the government "failed to correctly develop the most basic safety
requirements -- such as assessing the probability of damage, preparing
for containing collateral damage from such a disaster, and developing
evacuation plans," the commission said.
Following the quake and tsunami, the lack of training
and knowledge of the TEPCO workers at the facility reduced the
effectiveness of the response to the situation at a critical time,
according to the report.
As the crisis escalated,
TEPCO, the regulators, government agencies and the prime minister's
office were ineffective in "preventing or limiting the consequential
damage" at Fukushima Daiichi, the commission said.
The prime minister's
office didn't promptly declare a state of emergency, the commission
noted. And chains of command were disrupted amid the crisis, creating
confusion, it said. Meanwhile, communication failures about critical
decisions undermined trust between the different parties.
The report's authors --
led by Kiyoshi Kurokawa, a former president of the Science Council of
Japan -- attributed the failings at the plant before and after March 11
specifically to Japanese culture.
"What must be admitted
-- very painfully -- is that this was a disaster 'Made in Japan,' " the
report said. "Its fundamental causes are to be found in the ingrained
conventions of Japanese culture: our reflexive obedience; our reluctance
to question authority; our devotion to 'sticking with the program.' "
Suggesting that the
mind-set that supported the negligence at Fukushima "can be found across
Japan," Kurokawa also urged citizens to "reflect on our responsibility
as individuals in a democratic society."
The commission made a
series of recommendations to try to avoid a repeat of the catastrophe,
calling for the overhaul of TEPCO and the nuclear regulators.
It urged the
establishment of a permanent parliamentary committee to deal with
nuclear power and supervise regulators. A "fundamental re-examination of
the crisis management system" was suggested.
The report called for
measures tackling public health and welfare issues, including the
establishment of a system "to deal with long-term public health
effects," monitoring "hot spots" and "the spread of radioactive
contamination." It called for starting "a detailed and transparent
program of decontamination and relocation."
A system of independent investigation commissions dealing with nuclear issues should be developed, it said.
The report comes at a
delicate time for the Japanese nuclear sector. This week, the first
reactor to be switched on since the Fukushima disaster came back online.
All 50 commercial nuclear reactors in Japan had been offline since May
5 for safety checks.
The restart of the No. 3
reactor at the Ohi Nuclear Power Plant, which serves western Japan,
prompted protests by anti-nuclear activists.
TEPCO admitted last
month that it was not fully prepared for the nuclear disaster. The
company's final report on the disaster said it did not have sufficient
measures to prevent the accident. It also acknowledged criticism that
TEPCO took too long to disclose information.
On Thursday, the company
declined to comment on the independent commission's report. The
Japanese government has approved plans effectively to nationalize TEPCO
with a $12.5 billion capital injection to save it from bankruptcy.
Though no deaths have
been attributed to the nuclear accident, the earthquake and tsunami
killed more than 15,000 people in northeastern Japan.
There have been several investigations into the Fukushima Daiichi disaster.
In December, a
government-formed panel of investigators released an interim report
saying poorly trained operators misread a key backup system and waited
too long to start pumping water into overheating reactor units.
The government's
10-member panel, led by Tokyo University engineering professor Yotaro
Hatamura, also said neither TEPCO nor government regulators were
prepared for the chance that a tsunami could trigger a nuclear disaster.
That panel is due to deliver its final report at the end of July.
"We would like to take a
good look into both reports and take appropriate measures," Chief
Cabinet Secretary Osamu Fujimura said at a news conference Thursday,
referring to the parliament-commissioned report and the
government-requested report.
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